Disability and Patterns of Leisure Participation Across the Life Course.

OBJECTIVES: Patterns of healthy leisure are dependent upon age, but people with disabilities are particularly susceptible to passive and disengaged types of activities. This study evaluates how individuals with disabilities spend their time in passive, active, social, and isolated forms of leisure over the life course, and how these patterns vary by age. METHOD: I analyze nationally representative data from 70,165 respondents ages 15 and older in the 2008, 2010, and 2012-2016 American Time Use Survey. Linear regression models estimate the association between disability and leisure time, net of self-rated health and sociodemographic controls. Interactions between age and disability are also evaluated, as well as the robustness of results by sensory, cognitive, physical, and multiple disability status. RESULTS: People with disabilities report significantly more, and poorer quality, leisure than people without disabilities. This includes more than 2 hr more time in passive leisure as well as a disproportionate amount of isolated leisure spent at home, alone. These differences are not fully explained by health and sociodemographic controls. The isolated leisure time of people with disabilities is most different from people without disabilities in later life-whereas differences in total and passive leisure time, by disability status, are greatest in midlife. DISCUSSION: People with disabilities spend less time in health-promoting forms of leisure at all ages, but these patterns are unique across midlife and older age.

The Impact of Late-Life Disability Spectrum on Depressive Symptoms: A Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the impact of a previously validated disability spectrum that accounts for compensatory strategies on depressive symptoms in older adults. METHODS: This study was a secondary data analysis of 2011 through 2018 surveys from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 7,609). The disability spectrum was categorized using a 5-level hierarchical scheme: fully able, successful accommodation, reduced activity, difficulty, and assistance for 12 mobility, self-care, and household activities. The individual fixed-effects panel model was used to examine the impact of this disability spectrum on depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms rose progressively with each successive category on the disability spectrum in descriptive analyses. In fixed-effects models, moving from "fully able" to "successful accommodation" was not associated with significant changes in depressive symptoms; this result held for all self-care and mobility activities. Moving from "fully able" to "reduced activity" was associated with a significant increase in depressive symptoms for 3 household activities (doing laundry, making hot meals, and shopping for groceries) but not for paying bills/banking or keeping track of medications. Going up 2 or more stages above "fully able" on the disability spectrum was associated with a significant increase in depressive symptoms across all 12 activities. DISCUSSION: While limitations in a range of daily activities have harmful effects on mental health, using compensatory strategies that do not erode one's perception of autonomy can help older adults cope with the psychological detriments of late-life disability.

Signs of altered psychomotor capacity and use of alcohol and other drugs among nightclub patrons who drive in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Objectives: To investigate the occurrence of signs of altered psychomotor capacity (SAPC) associated with the violation of the dry law at the exits of nightclubs in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.Methods: Data from drivers participating in the Balada com Ciência project were used. Alcohol dosages were measured with breathalyzer test. The use of other drugs was obtained by interviewees' self-report. SAPC (speech, walking, glazed eyes, and alcohol odor) were verified by the interviewers at the time of the interview and categorized as "no sign" or "at least one sign". All measurements were evaluated at the exit of the nightclubs. The population description considered the sample weighting. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between the occurrence of SAPC, alcohol and other drugs use, controlling for sociodemographic variables.Results: At nightclubs, the SAPC among drivers are about 8 times higher when the breath alcohol concentration is above 0.05 mg/L if compared with those who did not drink alcohol, and about 30 times higher when the alcohol concentration was ≥ 0.34 mg/L in exhaled air. This finding is not generally verified in the literature for those who report the use of drugs inside nightclubs, which is interesting, since 20.4% of the interviewed population reported using drugs in the places surveyed.Conclusion: This study suggests the potential of using the Perham (2007) physical test for alcohol intoxication in sobriety checkpoints at the exit of nightclubs. However, the verification of these signs is not enough for the identification of drug use by drivers.

The interaction effect between physical and cultural leisure activities on the subsequent decline of instrumental ADL: the Fujiwara-kyo study.

BACKGROUND: Maintenance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and social role (SR) is crucial to keep independent life because the decline in SR and IADL was a significant predictor of dependence in basic ADL in later. The independent effect of physical and cultural leisure activities and their effect modification on the IADL remains unknown. METHODS: We prospectively observed 3241 elderly with intact IADL at baseline for 5 years. Higher level functional capacity such as IADL and SR was assessed using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of competence (TMIG index). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 72.3 years (standard deviation 5.1), and 46.9% were male, and 90.9% of them received a follow-up assessment. Of the participants, 10.4% developed an IADL decline. Engagement in leisure physical activity was associated with a significantly lower risk of IADL decline (adjusted risk ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 0.89), and cultural leisure activity was also associated with lower risk of IADL decline (adjusted risk ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.95) independent of potential confounders. We also found significant and positive interaction between physical and cultural leisure activities at risk for IADL decline (P = 0.024) and SR decline (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: We found an independent association of physical and cultural leisure activities with a lower risk for functional decline in IADL and SR with positive interaction. Combined engagement in physical and cultural activities may effectively prevent from IADL decline and SR decline.

Reclassified cognitive leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults aged ≥80 years: A 16-year prospective cohort study.

AIM: There is accumulating evidence that participation in cognitive leisure activities might be related to a reduced risk of cognitive impairment. However, there is no consensus regarding the classification of cognitive leisure activities, and it cannot clearly define each activity and quantitatively evaluate the effect of it. In the present study, we propose a new classification method, and examine the relationship between reclassified cognitive leisure activities and cognitive function. METHODS: The analysis included 4830 participants of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, who were aged >80 years and free of cognitive impairment at 1998. They were followed up six times. Six cognitive leisure activities were mainly grouped into intrapersonal and interpersonal cognitive leisure activity by categorical principal component analysis. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between reclassified cognitive leisure activities and the risk of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 16 years, 1763 participants suffered from cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score <24). Reading newspapers or books, taking part in some social activities and sometimes playing cards or mahjong were associated with a decreased risk of cognitive impairment (P < 0.05 for all). In multivariable adjusted models, compared with those with lower intensities, the hazard ratios (95% confident intervals) of cognitive impairment were 0.86 (0.74-0.99) and 0.71 (0.60-0.83) for participants with high intensities of intrapersonal and interpersonal cognitive leisure activity, respectively. CONCLUSION: A high frequency of participation in intrapersonal and interpersonal cognitive leisure activities showed a lower risk of cognitive impairment among the oldest-old in China. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1041-1047.

Limitation of the use of voice in teaching and leisure-time physical activity: Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016. / Limitação do uso da voz na docência e a prática de atividade física no lazer: Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016.

The study sought to identify the prevalence of voice-related problems teaching basic education teachers and to analyze their association with the practice of physical activity. We used data from a phone survey of a representative sample (n = 6,510) of Educatel Study carried out between October 2015 and March 2016. The main data of this study were self-referred voice-related problems teaching, leisure-time physical activity (defined according to its intensity, duration and frequency) and potential confounding variables. The data was analyzed using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Around one fifth of teachers (20.5%) reported having had voice-related problems teaching, while approximately one third reported sufficient leisure-time physical activity (≥ 150 minutes/week) (37.8%). Both recommended physical activity volume and five or more days of physical activity per week (regardless of total volume) were inversely associated with voice-related problems teaching, both in bivariate models and in models adjusted for confounding variables (sex, age and working hours). Basic Education teachers have a high prevalence of voice-related problems teaching. Sufficient leisure-time physical activity and exercising five or more days a week are potential protective factors for reducing this problem.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz entre os professores da educação básica, e analisar sua associação com a prática de atividade física. Foram utilizados dados de inquérito por entrevista telefônica junto à amostra representativa (n = 6.510) de professores do Estudo Educatel, entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016. As informações de interesse central deste estudo compreendem o relato do professor de problemas na docência por causa da voz, a prática de atividade física no lazer (definida por sua intensidade, duração e frequência) e potenciais variáveis de confundimento. A análise dos dados foi estudada por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Cerca de um quinto dos professores (20,5%) relatou problemas na docência por causa da voz, enquanto aproximadamente um terço relatou a prática de atividade física suficiente no lazer (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto a prática de volume recomendado de atividade física quanto a prática de atividade física em cinco ou mais dias por semana (independentemente do volume total) estiveram associadas de forma inversa a problemas na docência por causa da voz, tanto em modelos bivariados quanto naqueles ajustados por variáveis de confundimento (sexo, idade e jornada de trabalho). Professores da Educação Básica apresentam alta prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz. A prática suficiente de atividade física no lazer e a prática semanal por cinco ou mais dias despontam como fatores potenciais de proteção para a redução da prevalência deste problema.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, entre profesores de educación básica y analizar su asociación con la práctica de actividad física. Se utilizaron datos de una encuesta por entrevista telefónica, junto a una muestra representativa (n = 6.510) de profesores de Estudio Educatel, entre octubre de 2015 y marzo de 2016. La información con mayor interés de este estudio incluye el relato de docentes con problemas en su profesión, debidos a la voz, la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo de ocio (definida por su intensidad, duración y frecuencia) y las potenciales variables de confusión. El análisis de los datos se estudió mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Cerca de un quinto de los profesores (20,5%) informó de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, mientras aproximadamente un tercio informo sobre la práctica de actividad física suficiente durante el tiempo de ocio (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto la práctica del volumen recomendado de actividad física, como la práctica de actividad física durante cinco o más días por semana (independiente del volumen total), se asociaron de forma inversa a problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz, tanto en modelos bivariados, como en aquellos ajustados por variables de confusión (sexo, edad y jornada de trabajo). Los profesores de Educación Básica presentan una alta prevalencia de problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz. La práctica suficiente de actividad física durante el ocio y la práctica semanal durante cinco o más días despuntan como factores potenciales de protección para la reducción de la prevalencia de este problema.

Limitação do uso da voz na docência e a prática de atividade física no lazer: Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016 / Limitación del uso de la voz en la docencia y la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo de ocio: Estudio Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016 / Limitation of the use of voice in teaching and leisure-time physical activity: Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz entre os professores da educação básica, e analisar sua associação com a prática de atividade física. Foram utilizados dados de inquérito por entrevista telefônica junto à amostra representativa (n = 6.510) de professores do Estudo Educatel, entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016. As informações de interesse central deste estudo compreendem o relato do professor de problemas na docência por causa da voz, a prática de atividade física no lazer (definida por sua intensidade, duração e frequência) e potenciais variáveis de confundimento. A análise dos dados foi estudada por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Cerca de um quinto dos professores (20,5%) relatou problemas na docência por causa da voz, enquanto aproximadamente um terço relatou a prática de atividade física suficiente no lazer (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto a prática de volume recomendado de atividade física quanto a prática de atividade física em cinco ou mais dias por semana (independentemente do volume total) estiveram associadas de forma inversa a problemas na docência por causa da voz, tanto em modelos bivariados quanto naqueles ajustados por variáveis de confundimento (sexo, idade e jornada de trabalho). Professores da Educação Básica apresentam alta prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz. A prática suficiente de atividade física no lazer e a prática semanal por cinco ou mais dias despontam como fatores potenciais de proteção para a redução da prevalência deste problema.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, entre profesores de educación básica y analizar su asociación con la práctica de actividad física. Se utilizaron datos de una encuesta por entrevista telefónica, junto a una muestra representativa (n = 6.510) de profesores de Estudio Educatel, entre octubre de 2015 y marzo de 2016. La información con mayor interés de este estudio incluye el relato de docentes con problemas en su profesión, debidos a la voz, la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo de ocio (definida por su intensidad, duración y frecuencia) y las potenciales variables de confusión. El análisis de los datos se estudió mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Cerca de un quinto de los profesores (20,5%) informó de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, mientras aproximadamente un tercio informo sobre la práctica de actividad física suficiente durante el tiempo de ocio (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto la práctica del volumen recomendado de actividad física, como la práctica de actividad física durante cinco o más días por semana (independiente del volumen total), se asociaron de forma inversa a problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz, tanto en modelos bivariados, como en aquellos ajustados por variables de confusión (sexo, edad y jornada de trabajo). Los profesores de Educación Básica presentan una alta prevalencia de problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz. La práctica suficiente de actividad física durante el ocio y la práctica semanal durante cinco o más días despuntan como factores potenciales de protección para la reducción de la prevalencia de este problema.

The study sought to identify the prevalence of voice-related problems teaching basic education teachers and to analyze their association with the practice of physical activity. We used data from a phone survey of a representative sample (n = 6,510) of Educatel Study carried out between October 2015 and March 2016. The main data of this study were self-referred voice-related problems teaching, leisure-time physical activity (defined according to its intensity, duration and frequency) and potential confounding variables. The data was analyzed using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Around one fifth of teachers (20.5%) reported having had voice-related problems teaching, while approximately one third reported sufficient leisure-time physical activity (≥ 150 minutes/week) (37.8%). Both recommended physical activity volume and five or more days of physical activity per week (regardless of total volume) were inversely associated with voice-related problems teaching, both in bivariate models and in models adjusted for confounding variables (sex, age and working hours). Basic Education teachers have a high prevalence of voice-related problems teaching. Sufficient leisure-time physical activity and exercising five or more days a week are potential protective factors for reducing this problem.

Diversity of indoor activities and economic development of neighborhoods.

Over the last few decades, public life has taken center stage in urban studies, but that is about to change. At times, indoor activities have been shown to matter more than what is publicly visible (they have been found to be more predictive of future crimes, for example). Until recently, however, data has not been available to study indoor activities at city scale. To that end, we propose a new methodology that relies on tagging information of geo-referenced pictures and unfolds in three main steps. First, we collected and classified a comprehensive set of activity-related words, creating the first dictionary of urban activities. Second, for both London and New York City, we collected geo-referenced Flickr tags and matched them with the words in the dictionary. This step produced both a systematic classification (our activity-related words were best classified in eleven categories) and two city-wide indoor activity maps which, when compared to open data of public amenities and sensory maps of smell and sound matched theoretical expectations. Third, we studied, for the first time, activities happening indoor in relation to neighborhood socio-economic conditions. We found the very same result for both London and New York City. In deprived areas, people focused on any of the activity types (leading to specialization), and it did not matter on which one they did so. By contrast, in well-to-do areas, people engaged not in one type of activity but in a variety of them (leading to diversification).

Typology of Nightclubs in São Paulo, Brazil: Alcohol and Illegal Drug Consumption, Sexual Behavior and Violence in the Venues.

BACKGROUND: Nightclubs are venues in which excessive alcohol use and illegal drug consumption occur in addition to other high-risk behaviors, such as violence and sexual risk behaviors. Environmental factors common in nightclubs and the personal characteristics of patrons might increase the risk of these events. To better understand the relationship between these factors, typologies were formulated that clustered nightclubs according to definite profiles to identify differences to be taken into consideration in preventive interventions. OBJECTIVES: The present study aim was to construct a typology of nightclubs in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This typology was constructed using mixed methods research through the triangulation of several data sources as follows: 307 hours of ethnographic observation at 31 nightclubs, 8 focus group sessions with nightclub patrons (n = 34) and 30 semi-structured interviews with nightclub employees. Content analysis and qualitative typology were used. RESULTS: Four nightclub types were defined based on four analyzed thematic axes (Intoxicating, Violent, Dancing and Highly Sexualized nightclubs). Excessive alcohol use was detected in almost all of the investigated nightclubs, and drug use was observed in approximately one-third of them. Triangulation of the data revealed a relationship among environmental factors (especially alcohol sales strategies and promotion and the availability of areas for sex) and a more considerable presence of high-risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that nightclubs are settings in which high-risk behaviors are potentiated by facilitating environmental factors as well as by the lack of laws restricting excessive alcohol use stimulated by the promotion strategies applied at these venues.

Inactividad física en el tiempo libre y auto percepción del estado de salud de colombianos entre los 18 y 64 años / Leisure time physical inactivity and self-perception of health status in colombian adults from 18 to 64 years old

Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre la inactividad física en el tiempo libre y la auto percepción del estado de salud en la población colombiana entre 18 y 64 años de edad reportados en la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional (ENSIN) y Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud (ENDS) año 2010. Metodología: El diseño del estudio es analítico de corte transversal y pretende con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia (ENSIN) y la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y salud (ENDS) 2010, explorar la asociación entre inactividad física en el tiempo libre y auto percepción del estado de salud de los colombianos entre 18 y 64 años. Resultados: Para el 2010, en mujeres, la inactividad física explica una regular y mala auto percepción de la salud (OR=1,37; IC95% 1,10-1,70) después de haber ajustado por factores de confusión. Variables como edad, nivel escolar, afiliación al sistema de salud, estado civil, vivir en determinadas regiones como la oriental y Bogotá en mujeres también influyen en la auto percepción de la salud. En el grupo de los hombres no se observó que la inactividad física esté asociada con auto percepción regular o mala del estado de salud (OR=1,04; IC95% 0,85-1,29), pero sí la edad y la baja escolaridad. Conclusión: Niveles bajos de actividad física en el tiempo libre se asocian con regulares y pobres auto percepciones de salud en mujeres, mientras que en hombres no se observó esta relación, lo que hace necesario tener en cuenta otro tipo de variables que pueden modificar esta percepción

Objective: To explore the relationship between leisure time physical inactivity (PI) and self-perceived health status in the Colombian population between 18 and 64 years of age reported in the National Nutrition Situation Survey (ENSIN) and National Demography and Health Survey (ENDS) 2010. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study to explore the association between physical inactivity and self-perception of the health status of Colombians between 18 and 64 from the National Survey of Nutrition Situation in Colombia (ENSIN) and the National Demographic and Health Survey (ENDS) 2010. Results: PI explains a regular and poor self-perception of health (OR= 1.37; IC95% 1.10-1.70) in women after adjusting for confounding factors. Other associated variables included: age, educational level, affiliation to the health system, marital status, living in eastern region and Bogota. PI was not associated with self-perception of health status in men (OR=1.04; IC95% 0.85 - 1.29), but age and low educational level did show association. Conclusion: Low levels of leisure time physical activity were associated with regular and poor self-perceived health status in women, whereas in men this relationship was not observed

Ethnic and Gender Differences in Preferred Activities among Maori and non-Maori of Advanced age in New Zealand.

This study explored active aging for older Maori and non-Maori by examining their self-nominated important everyday activities. The project formed part of the first wave of a longitudinal cohort study of aging well in New Zealand. Maori aged 80 to 90 and non-Maori aged 85 were recruited. Of the 937 participants enrolled, 649 answered an open question about their three most important activities. Responses were coded under the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Activities and Participation domains. Data were analyzed by ethnicity and gender for first in importance, and all important activities. Activity preferences for Maori featured gardening, reading, walking, cleaning the home, organized religious activities, sports, extended family relationships, and watching television. Gendered differences were evident with walking and fitness being of primary importance for Maori men, and gardening for Maori women. Somewhat similar, activity preferences for non-Maori featured gardening, reading, and sports. Again, gendered differences showed for non-Maori, with sports being of first importance to men, and reading to women. Factor analysis was used to examine the latent structural fit with the ICF and whether it differed for Maori and non-Maori. For Maori, leisure and household activities, spiritual activities and interpersonal interactions, and communicating with others and doing domestic activities were revealed as underlying structure; compared to self-care, sleep and singing, leisure and work, and domestic activities and learning for non-Maori. These findings reveal fundamental ethnic divergences in preferences for active aging with implications for enabling participation, support provision and community design.

Association of "Weekend Warrior" and Other Leisure Time Physical Activity Patterns With Risks for All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality.

Importance: More research is required to clarify the association between physical activity and health in "weekend warriors" who perform all their exercise in 1 or 2 sessions per week. Objective: To investigate associations between the weekend warrior and other physical activity patterns and the risks for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: This pooled analysis of household-based surveillance studies included 11 cohorts of respondents to the Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey with prospective linkage to mortality records. Respondents 40 years or older were included in the analysis. Data were collected from 1994 to 2012 and analyzed in 2016. Exposures: Self-reported leisure time physical activity, with activity patterns defined as inactive (reporting no moderate- or vigorous-intensity activities), insufficiently active (reporting <150 min/wk in moderate-intensity and <75 min/wk in vigorous-intensity activities), weekend warrior (reporting ≥150 min/wk in moderate-intensity or ≥75 min/wk in vigorous-intensity activities from 1 or 2 sessions), and regularly active (reporting ≥150 min/wk in moderate-intensity or ≥75 min/wk in vigorous-intensity activities from ≥3 sessions). The insufficiently active participants were also characterized by physical activity frequency. Main Outcomes and Measures: All-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality ascertained from death certificates. Results: Among the 63 591 adult respondents (45.9% male; 44.1% female; mean [SD] age, 58.6 [11.9] years), 8802 deaths from all causes, 2780 deaths from CVD, and 2526 from cancer occurred during 561 159 person-years of follow-up. Compared with the inactive participants, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.62-0.72) in insufficiently active participants who reported 1 to 2 sessions per week, 0.70 (95% CI, 0.60-0.82) in weekend warrior participants, and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.58-0.73) in regularly active participants. Compared with the inactive participants, the HR for CVD mortality was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.52-0.69) in insufficiently active participants who reported 1 or 2 sessions per week, 0.60 (95% CI, 0.45-0.82) in weekend warrior participants, and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.48-0.73) in regularly active participants. Compared with the inactive participants, the HR for cancer mortality was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.73-0.94) in insufficiently active participants who reported 1 or 2 sessions per week, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.63-1.06) in weekend warrior participants, and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.66-0.94) in regularly active participants. Conclusions and Relevance: Weekend warrior and other leisure time physical activity patterns characterized by 1 or 2 sessions per week may be sufficient to reduce all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality risks regardless of adherence to prevailing physical activity guidelines.

Developing a Semantic Model to Describe Physical Activity Data.

The importance of data in the social and behavioral domains to biomedical research is increasing, but ensuring the reusability of such data through standardization is not a trivial task. To start addressing this challenge, we developed a semantic model of the physical activity domain by reviewing 302 physical activity questions collected from standardized questionnaires and public data repositories. Our semantic model is comprised of activity keywords, qualifiers, response measures and context. We identified three types of contexts: active lifestyle, physical capacity, and environment. The majority (94%) of the 204 activity keywords extracted from the 302 questions were mapped to the UMLS Metathesaurus. Preliminary evaluation of our model with 309 additional activity questions showed that the majority of the questions were related to one of the three context categories. We also noted the need to expand context categories to incorporate the questions assessing psychological aspects of dealing with physical activities.

Leisure-activity participation to prevent later-life cognitive decline: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic literature review was conducted to characterise the current state of knowledge concerning the definition, categorisation, and operationalisation of leisure activity in studies examining its possible role in preventing later-life cognitive decline. Following PRISMA guidelines for a systematic review, the study examined peer-reviewed empirical research publications focused on leisure activity, cognitive decline, and prevention. METHODS: Searches in the PubMed/Medline reSEARCH, CINHAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsychoINFO, ERIC Proquest, the Cochrane library, and PsycARTICLES databases for the years 2000 to 2011 identified 52 publications for inclusion. RESULTS: The results are discussed and based on these findings are further interpreted using the Model of Human Occupation, which focuses on key factors identified in the review that are salient to associations between participation in leisure activities and prevention of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: While the findings support a growing consensus that participation in leisure activities might significantly contribute to prevention of dementia, it also identifies major hindrances to progress. Important limitations detected include a lack of theoretical underpinnings, and little consensus and standardisation in the measured key variables. The study reinforces the critical need to overcome these limitations to enable health care professionals (e.g. occupational therapists) to make evidence-based recommendations for increased participation in activities as a means of promoting health and preventing cognitive decline.

Ocio deportivo juvenil: relación entre satisfacción e implicación organizativa / Youth sports leisure: relationship between satisfaction and organizational involvement

El artículo parte de la hipótesis de que aquellos jóvenes que tienen un mayor grado de responsabilidad en la organización de sus actividades de ocio deportivas presentan mayores niveles de satisfacción con la práctica, favoreciendo que estas sean actividades relevantes en sus estilos de vida. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: (a) identificar las modalidades de ocio deportivo más significativas y su relación con el género; (b) comprobar si estas modalidades inciden en la satisfacción y significación vital de las mismas; y por último, (c) conocer el efecto de la participación en la organización de actividades de ocio deportivo, en la satisfacción y la identificación de experiencias valiosas. Se recogieron datos a través de un cuestionario sobre la organización de los tiempos académicos y de ocio aplicado a estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria Postobligatoria de centros públicos, concertados y privados del estado español. Los resultados indican que el tipo de ocio más significativo para la juventud española es el ocio deportivo, (a) las modalidades más importantes son la de cooperación y oposición, la actividad física individual, siendo el género un factor determinante en la elección de la modalidad deportiva más significativa;(b) la modalidad deportiva tratada como variable independiente, no incide en los niveles de satisfacción, pero sí en la significación de esa actividad en el estilo de vida en ocio; y (c) por el contrario, la participación en la organización de actividades de ocio deportivo tiene efecto tanto en la satisfacción como en la relevancia vital de dicha actividad

The article is based on the hypothesis that young people who have a greater degree of responsibility in the organization of leisure sports activities have higher levels of satisfaction with practice, favoring that these are relevant activities in their lifestyles. The aims of this work are: (a) to identify the most significant modalities of sports activities and its relation to gender, (b) to verify if these modalities affect in the satisfaction and vital significance of them, and finally, (c) to know the effect of participation in the organization of leisure sports activities, satisfaction and identification of valuable experiences. Data were collected through a questionnaire on the organization of academic and leisure time applied to students of Secondary Postobligatory Education of public centers, compound and private centers of the Spanish state. The results indicate that the most significant type for the Spanish youth leisure is leisure sports, (a) the most important modalities are cooperation and opposition, individual physical activity, with gender a determining factor in choosing the mode sports most significant; (b) the sports modality, treated as an independent variable, does not affect satisfaction levels, but the significance of this activity in the lifestyle of leisure; (c) on the other hand, participation in the organization of activities leisure sports has an effect both in the satisfaction and in the vital importance of this activity

Ocio deportivo en los waterfronts de Bilbao y Barcelona. Un estudio comparativo / Sport leisure in the waterfronts of Bilbao and Barcelona. A comparative study

Este estudio busca conocer el papel del ocio deportivo en la construcción social del espacio público regenerado en frentes de costa o riberas urbanas de Bilbao y Barcelona. Para ello, se realiza, en primer lugar, un análisis de los usos deportivos que acogen los waterfronts y los procesos de apropiación del espacio que subyacen a dichos usos. A continuación, se explora el perfil de las y los practicantes deportivos, usuarios de los waterfronts para reflexionar sobre la contribución del ocio deportivo en estos espacios al derecho a la ciudad. El estudio se apoya en una metodología mixta que combina la observación no participada y una breve encuesta administrada en los waterfronts de sendas ciudades. Los resultados confirman que existe una relación de bidireccionalidad entre espacios públicos urbanos regenerados y estilos de ocio de la ciudadanía. Si bien es cierto que los waterfronts actúan como tractores de las prácticas deportivas, también es verdad que dichas prácticas contribuyen a la transformación social del entorno urbano, mediante procesos de apropiación que resignifican su valor y participan en el desarrollo social de las ciudades

This study seeks to understand the role of sport leisure in the social construction of regenerated public spaces on coast fronts or urban riverbanks of Bilbao and Barcelona. To do this, first it performed an analysis of sports uses hosted in the waterfronts and the processes of place appropriation that underlie such uses. Then, a profile scan is performed on people doing sport (waterfront users), in order to consider the contribution of sport leisure in these spaces to «the right to the city». The study is based on a mixed methodology combining non-participatory observation and a brief survey administered in the waterfronts of both cities. The results confirm that there is a bidirectional relationship between regenerated urban public spaces and leisure styles of citizens. While it is true that the waterfronts act as tractors of sports practices, it is also true that these practices contribute to the social transformation of the urban environment through processes of appropriation that give a new meaning to its value and promote the exchange of experiences that contribute to the social development of cities

Ocio deportivo, imagen corporal y satisfacción vital en jóvenes españoles / Sport leisure, body image satisfaction and life satisfaction in Spanish youth

Los objetivos de este estudio son (1) analizar el efecto del género y de la edad en la participación en actividades de ocio y en la satisfacción con la imagen corporal (SIC) y vital (SV) y, (2) examinar cómo éstas últimas varían según la participación en distintas modalidades de ocio (deportivo, cultural, electrónico, festivo y otros). Se recogieron datos de 1764 estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria Postobligatoria (con una edad media de 18.6 años) de centros públicos y privados españoles, que completaron un cuestionario sobre la organización de los tiempos académicos y de ocio. Los resultados indican que el ocio deportivo (práctica de actividad físico-deportiva durante el ocio) se relaciona positivamente con la SIC y SV en los jóvenes estudiados. El género (y no la edad) es una variable de confusión en esta relación que debe ser controlada y analizada. El ocio deportivo se asocia con mayores niveles de SIC y de SV respecto a algunos tipos de ocio, pero no a todos. El ocio electrónico se vincula con una menor SV, mientras el ocio cultural arroja los valores más bajos en cuanto a SIC y SV. Son necesarias futuras investigaciones que contrasten el efecto del ocio deportivo con otras modalidades de ocio

The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the impact of gender and age on leisure activities participation and on both body image satisfaction (BIS) and life satisfaction (LS), and (2) examine how BIS and LS varied according to participation on different leisure activities (sport, cultural, electronic, festive, others). Data was collected from 1764 Spanish Post-Compulsory Secondary students (mean age 18.6 years) of public and private schools who completed a self-administered questionnaire about school and leisure time. Results showed that physical activity was positively related with BIS and LS. Gender (not age) was a confounding factor in this relation which must be further checked and analyzed. Sport leisure was associated with higher levels of BIS and LS than others types of leisure, but not all. Electronic leisure was associated with less LS, while cultural leisure had the lowest levels of BIS and LS. Further research about the effect of sport leisure on BIS and LS compared with other types of leisure is required

Ocio en la naturaleza como espacio de desarrollo juvenil / Leisure in nature as a space for youth development

El objetivo del artículo consiste en describir las implicaciones positivas que la realización de actividades de ocio en la naturaleza tiene en el desarrollo de la juventud, frente a aquellas actividades que se realizan en otros espacios. Para ello se analiza la principal actividad de ocio de los jóvenes (hombres y mujeres) que cursan estudios secundarios postobligatorios en el estado español, en relación con aspectos vinculados a los beneficios percibidos de su experiencia de ocio (físicos, emocionales, cognitivos, conductuales y sociales), el grado de responsabilidad y gestión por parte de los jóvenes de dicha práctica y, el grado de satisfacción y la importancia en su vida de esa práctica principal de ocio. Además, se caracterizan dichas prácticas, para poder visualizar los aspectos diferenciadores respecto a otro tipo de prácticas. Todo ello se realiza a través de la explotación de un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, con una muestra de 1750 jóvenes de todo el estado español, tanto de diferentes tipos de enseñanza, como de instituciones de carácter público y privado

The objective of this article is to describe the positive implications that the practice of leisure activities in nature has in youth development, unlike those activities that take place in other areas. In order to do this, we analysed the main leisure activity of young women and men that are in post compulsory education in the Spanish school system, in relation to aspects linked to the benefits of this leisure experience (physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and social) and the level of responsibility and management of this young people, as well as the level of satisfaction and the importance that this practise has on their lives. Besides, we typified this practice, in order to visualise the distinguishing elements in relation to other different activities. All of this has been carried out through a questionnaire designed ad hoc and handed to a sample of 1750 students in the Spanish school system, both state and private schools

Actividad física de ocio juvenil y desarrollo humano / Youth physical leisure and human development

La práctica de actividad física de ocio reporta numerosos beneficios que contribuyen a la salud integral del individuo. El objetivo fue examinar la vinculación entre la actividad física de ocio de los jóvenes españoles que cursan Educación Secundaria Postobligatoria y su percepción sobre el desarrollo humano; prestando especial atención a las variables de género, edad, así como las tres prácticas de actividad física seleccionadas entre sus preferencias de ocio. Se aplicó un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc a una muestra de 1764 estudiantes españoles, que permitió analizar la cantidad de prácticas físicas, además de conocer las motivaciones por las cuales realizaban dichas actividades; se evidencian diferencias -significativas en algunos casos- respecto a la percepción que mujeres y hombres tienen respecto de este tipo de iniciativas lúdicas que contribuyen a la mejora de la calidad de vida, al desarrollo humano y al bienestar psicosocial

The practice of physical activity of leisure reported numerous benefits that contribute to the integral health of the individual. The aim was to examine the entail between the physical activity of leisure of the Spanish young people who deal secondary post obligatory education and their perception of the human development; paying particular attention to the variables of gender, age, as well as three practices of physical activity selected between their preferences of leisure. There was applied an elaborated ad hoc questionnaire to a sample of 1764 students, which allowed to analyze the quantity of physical practices, beside knowing the reasons why they realized the above mentioned activities; differences are demonstrate -significant in some cases- with regard to the perception that women and men have respect of this type of recreational initiatives that contribute to improving quality of life, human development and psychosocial well-being

Actividad físico-deportiva como experiencia de ocio y perspectiva temporal en los jóvenes / Physical and sport activities as leisure experience and time perspective in the youth

Se analizan las relaciones entre la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas, la experiencia de ocio y la Perspectiva Temporal, en una muestra de 134 jóvenes —84 chicos y 54 chicas— entre 18 y 24 ańos. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario online que incluía: (1) un Presupuesto de Tiempo para registrar las actividades realizadas en la cotidianidad y valorar las características de estas actividades como ocio (tiempo dedicado a las mismas, frecuencia semanal y percepciones de elección propia, satisfacción y apropiación); y (2) el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, para conocer la incidencia de sus dimensiones (presente, pasada y futura). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que: los jóvenes que practican actividad física como actividad de ocio presentan una Perspectiva Temporal Balanceada; que quienes invierten más tiempo en esta práctica tienen a una mayor Perspectiva Temporal Futura; asimismo, se demuestra que las variables de la experiencia de ocio correlacionan de manera directa con el presente hedonista y el pasado positivo. Con estos hallazgos, se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de considerar la Perspectiva Temporal y la experiencia de ocio en los programas de intervención para la promoción y mantenimiento de la actividad físico-deportiva

Relationships among the practice of physical and sport activities, the leisure experience and Time Perspective are analyzed. Sample was integrated by 134 young (84 men and 54 women), aged 18 to 24. Data was collected with an online questionnaire, which included: (1) a Time Budget with the purpose of registering activities in daily life and valuing the leisure characteristics of these activities (time devoted, week frequency and perceptions of freedom of choice, satisfaction and appropriation); and (2) the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, in order to know the incidence of its dimensions (past, present, and future). Results show that: youth who practices physical and sport activities as leisure show a Balanced Time Perspective; moreover, variables of leisure experience are related to present hedonist and past positive. These results put into manifest the need of considering the Time Perspective and the leisure experience in intervention programs addressed to promote and maintain physical and sport activities